從儒家思想弘揚關公聖義人格



從儒家思想弘揚關公的「聖義人格」，建立優質社會人文 

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王超英 '''* '''

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【摘要】 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">關老爺最愛讀《春秋》經，並落實在他的生活、生命當中，便能充實而有光輝，陶冶、造就極佳的人格磁場，關老爺堪稱活讀經書的最佳典範. 而 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">《桃園明聖經》這部 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">關老爺身後所遺留、所創作的 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">「經」書，可視之為很親切、有滋味的書. 和許多古書一樣，那裡頭有很多嘉言懿行，對我門現代人還充滿了智慧上的啟發，給我們許多生命與生活上懇切的指點，好學者可以逗引深思，沉潛者足以增長靈智. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">關羽是三國時期的勇將之一，在講唱文學及民間傳說的大力渲染及傳播下，其在民眾心中的份量不斷地加重加深，成為受人景仰的大英雄，最後在時間的洪流中逐漸累積信仰熱度與淨化神性，終至成為全球華人共同遵奉的關帝聖君，其對華人社會的影響已遠遠超越歷史的力量. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: 30pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.5"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">英國 <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體">‧ <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">托馬斯 <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體">‧ <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">卡萊爾（ <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">Thomas Carlyle <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）說：「對傑出人物的真正尊敬，是一種對英雄的崇拜. 」本文擬採用其觀點並參照神話學上對英雄的相關定義，先從關羽在史籍、小說與民間傳說三方面探討其形象的開展及演變以及其與英雄崇拜心理的關係；其次針對關帝信仰的廣佈探析其皆出於宗教推行信仰的需要與政治統治的需求，其手段方式仍根源於人群對英雄的崇敬心理；最後淺析關公地位神格化除了原始的英雄崇拜之外，仍受到崇尚幸福及道德之心理及凝聚群體認同之歷史意識的交互感染而成，進而歸納出關帝的信仰其實是人類對「道德英雄」、「將相英雄」及「悲劇英雄」崇拜的極致表現. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">關公足為英雄風範，忠義雙全，武勇而善謀，在 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">《 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">三國志 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">》 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">中，區區六、七百字道盡其輝煌一生 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">. <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">所謂：「將軍不死，活在每個人的心中. 」 《三國演義》之儒風 ， 彩繪英雄 ；關帝托夢玉泉寺，天啟《明聖經》的感應傳奇；「雲長安在」的真義何在； 作《春秋》、讀《春秋》，前後輝映 的 兩位聖哲 ； 聖人繼天立極，神道設教，克竟全功 ；這 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">「 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">忠義無雙，亙古一 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">人 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">」 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">， <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">「隱微處，不愧青天」的人格磁場 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">， <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">史冊彪炳，三教共尊；本文後半段 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">， <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">則從儒家思想 ， <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">弘揚帝君「聖義人格－－建立優質的社會人文」作結論 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

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<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">關鍵詞： <span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">《桃園明聖經》 <span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、人格磁場、關羽、英雄崇拜. <span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">* <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">作者為 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt">國立台中高工國文專任教師. <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: none"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">一、前言： 【 學習關聖，典範群倫 】 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">回顧二十世紀這一百年來，第一、二次世界大戰所造成的破壞，一次比一次嚴重；由於少數人的觀念偏差，致使天下無辜生靈飽受災難. 自美國發生九一一恐怖事件以來，不只美國，全世界許多國家的人民，都過著惶恐不安的日子. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">在天災不斷、人禍屢起的現在，我們首要的工作，就是要虔心研讀《桃園明聖經》與虛心效法關公等聖人，安頓生命、安住人心，尋求安身立命之道；不只是你我一起去做，還要呼籲全球志同道合人士一起來懺悔. 共同來關懷大地、關懷人類. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">     <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">美國九一一事件後，我們就希望能有一番行動，以安住大家的心，譬如倡導「心中有愛」、「愛灑人間」等運動，希望能將聖人無私無我的大愛遍灑人間，藉由人人的善念，讓世界遠離災難. 近來有人常說：「驚世的災難，必須有警世的覺悟；警世的大覺悟，必定要有徹底的大懺悔. 」 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.0"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">   <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">希望這項運動，不但能推展到家家戶戶，還要推廣到社會. 乃至於全球. 希望人人能以徹底懺悔過後. 那分清淨與虔誠的心來祈禱. 不論是佛教、基督教或是天主教，世界上正信的宗教都有懺悔. 懺悔的意義，以基督教來說，是『洗罪』；而佛教徒每天早晚課都有懺悔文，就是『洗心』. 要消除我們的愚癡、無明、煩惱，唯有靠自己；除了懺悔、祈禱之外，每個人還要發揮愛心. 《桃園明聖經》說：「誠哉龍虎風雲會，宰牛馬昭告天地. 」「須待挽天河水來蕩滌. 」 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> [1   ]<span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">發動志同道合的人士一起來共修，宰掉（革除）我們後天各項習染執著的牛脾氣、馬脾氣，昭告天地神明，發揮良知良能，共同來關懷大地、關懷人類. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">     <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">有形的付出，來自於無形的愛心，所以我們要向大家『募一分祝福，募一分心念』，希望讓生命更加芬芳，讓人性展現光芒；還要『募一分善行，募一分祈願』，讓人間有善的循環，讓愛充滿人間. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">     <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">世間災難這麼多，大家要趕快以虔誠的心來祈禱，希望用聖人無私的愛作種子，遍灑人間，還要帶動起來，讓人人都能同心、同德、同方向：一人一善，遠離災難. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">      <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">深盼這不是短期的活動，而是一項長期的運動，開始起跑就不停歇. 在驚世大災難之後. 希望從個人做起，漸次擴及家庭、鄰里或是公司、團體、社會、國家，溫柔地、用心地來推動全民大懺悔，以徹底淨化人心 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> [2   ]<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">. <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">二、 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">【關羽是個可愛、可敬的人】 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 27pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在《三國演義》中，關羽、諸葛亮與曹操是馳騁三國洪流中，最令人印象深刻的人物，清初小說評點家毛宗崗分別讚喻為「義絕」、「智絕」與「奸絕」，並稱「三絕」，在文學上可謂鼎足而三. 而細究此三人在真實歷史上的成就，其次序首應為曹操、次為諸葛亮、其次為關羽，但在民間信仰上的地位，卻呈現出完全相反的局勢. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 27pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">關公信仰不僅深深獲得兩岸大多數華人的認同，在本地台灣，關帝的祭祀更可與媽祖的香火分庭抗禮，若連私家祭祀也涵蓋其中的話，關帝可說是大幅地超越其他諸神. 針對這樣奇特的現象，大陸地區的文化學者已有多項研究的論述，譬如：為何關公被廣大群眾尊為「全民的人格神 、 道德神」，應是其來有自. 本文希望從其基礎上運用「英雄崇拜」的論述與神話學的角度去探析，希冀能對關公形象的演化、信仰的形成的原因與關公神化反映的意義提供一點個人淺見. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 27pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">關羽是三國時期的勇將之ㄧ，在講唱文學及民間傳說的大力渲染及傳播下，其在民眾心中的份量不斷地加重加深，成為受人景仰的大英雄，最後在時間的洪流中逐漸累積信仰熱度與淨化神性，終至成為全球華人共同遵奉的關帝聖君，其對華人社會的影響已遠遠超越歷史的力量. <span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 27pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">英 <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體">‧ <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">托馬斯 <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體">‧ <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">卡萊爾（ <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">Thomas Carlyle <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）說：「對傑出人物的真正尊敬，是一種對英雄的崇拜. 」本文擬採用其觀點並參照神話學上對英雄的相關定義，先從關羽在史籍、小說與民間傳說三方面探討其形象的開展及演變以及其與英雄崇拜心理的關係；其次針對關帝信仰的廣佈探析其皆出於宗教推行信仰的需要與政治統治的需求，其手段方式仍根源於人群對英雄的崇敬心理；最後淺析關公地位神格化除了原始的英雄崇拜之外，仍受到崇尚幸福及道德之心理及凝聚群體認同之歷史意識的交互感染而成，進而歸納出關帝的信仰其實是人類對「道德英雄」、「將相英雄」及「悲劇英雄」崇拜的極致表現. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">每當我讀《桃園明聖經》，的時候，我漸漸地愈來愈傾向於不把《桃園明聖經》當成一部「仰之彌高」的「經」書來看，而喜歡視之為一部很親切、很有滋味的書. 和許多古書一樣，那裡頭有很多嘉言懿行，對我門現代人還充滿了智慧上的啟發，給我們許多生命與生活上懇切的指點，好學者可以逗引深思，沉潛者足以增長靈智. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">不過，如果一定要把《桃園明聖經》當聖經，把關公當聖人，視其人其書，皆無可爭議，不允許質疑，更不能批判；倘若凡書皆無可爭議，不允許質疑，更不能批判，我認為這就不是一件好事. 把人神聖化，把某一本書神聖化，而把對其人其書的討論、質疑、批判或挑戰，視為一種莫大的禁忌，就今天來看，實在不是一種健康的心態. 根據歷史與經驗的考察，神聖的崇拜，必然造成封閉，封閉既久，沒有新鮮空氣吹吹拂拂，沒有源頭活水蕩滌洗刷，就一定會導致污濁與腐敗，所以，談到《桃園明聖經》的時候，我總想尋找一個極其近人情，而又非常富於人性溫暖的關羽，他偶爾會犯錯－－「大意失荊州」，他在適當時候，會開開玩笑，無奈時，他也會長吁短歎，真正悲傷的時候，他也忍不住失聲痛哭. 但無論如何，他總是溫厚而善良，能夠很自然地，隨時隨地關懷別人，照顧那些需要幫助的人. 在我心目中，這樣的關羽最令人感到親切，也最令人覺得可愛. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">一個善良的人，他對別人的仁愛與體恤，總是能夠當機呈現，適時適地自然地流露出來；他總會在別人需要他的幫助時，有最貼切、最溫暖的回應，而《桃園明聖經》與《三國演義》 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> [3   ]<span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">就充分地表現出，關公人性品質的善良. 因此我衷心認為，在我的生命當中，甚至在您我的生命當中，關羽最令人感到親切，也常令人覺得可愛. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt">'''<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

'''

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 16pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">三、關公形象演變歷程： '''<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> '''

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">關公形象演變歷程，可謂極端饒富戲劇性 、傳奇 性，燦然可觀. <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">顏清洋先生 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">《從關羽到關帝》一書說： <span style="font-family: 標楷體; color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">一提起關公，對他特殊形貌及無上神威，可說無人不知；但若詳問其真實事跡、附會傳說及其歷史地位演變，恐多數人要搖頭三嘆. 今日，以史學眼光看，關公既是「真人」，一生忠義事跡，流芳後世；也是「英雄」，長期為當代 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">、 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">後世武人楷模；而後化身為「神靈」，靈異事跡次第傳開，信徒漸多；明清之際，又經多次加封稱號，終成為普天同尊的「關聖帝君」. 因此，所謂「關公」，其實是真人、英雄、神靈、帝君的綜合體，已歷時約四百年左右. <span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的確，關公是一位活生生的歷史人物，人們將他視為一位偉大的英雄，歷經各代的演進不僅將他傳奇化而且神奇化，也就是說他從一位歷史人物被傳說進化成為傳奇人物，再由傳奇人物進化為神奇化 <span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">、 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">神格化，進而成為神話人物，（如圖所示）. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [4   ]<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 27pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">西洋文化早有所謂 <span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">「 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">英雄主義 <span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">」、「 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">英雄崇拜 <span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">」等，譬如：至今「拿破崙」仍然是法國人心目中，最偉大的 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">英雄. 英國 <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體">‧ <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">托馬斯 <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體">‧ <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">卡萊爾曾說：「對傑出人物的真正尊敬，是一種對英雄的崇拜. 」這存有磁吸效應，像一塊磁石將磁力傳給眾人，而產生靈感的現象，而大家不自覺地被吸引，透過此方式，最後傳遞並吸引住聽眾和觀眾. 關公由活生生的人成為傳奇性的英雄，進而轉化為至高無上的神明，正是人類這種對英雄的無盡景仰之情份的最佳寫照，這種情感的移轉 <span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">、 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">擴充也正好與關公演變成神明的過程的軌跡，大致是相吻合的. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -42.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42.75pt; tab-stops: list 42.75pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2">'''<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> （一）  '<span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">歷史典籍－武勇猛將 '<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> '''

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">大千世界，風雲變幻，常令人感慨萬千 <span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">. <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">在 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">千古過往風雲中，最令人記憶深刻的，恐怕莫過於 <span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">「 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">三國 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">風雲 <span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">」 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">了 <span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">. 何以見得 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">？ '''<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> '''

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 27pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">兩 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">千二百年前，有一幫英雄俠客，試圖謀天下 <span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">、 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爭天下 <span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">、 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">得天下，互不相讓，刀光劍影，人仰馬翻 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">，縱橫披闔，形成三國壯闊 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">風雲 <span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">. <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">其 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中主角是關公 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">、 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">曹操 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">、劉備、諸葛亮、孫權、周瑜等 <span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">. <span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 27pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">記載上述事件者 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">，有 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">《 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">三國志 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">》 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">和 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">《三國演義》 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">等 <span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">力作 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">， <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一提起這些話頭，大多數人都可滔滔不絕 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">，侃侃而談， <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">這說明 <span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">「 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">三國 <span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">」 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">影響力的深入和廣泛 <span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">. 「 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">三國 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">風雲 <span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">」 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">既是一個戰場，更是一個智場，難怪清代名臣曾國藩 <span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">曾說 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：「以 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">三國之謀略，成 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">天下 <span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">之 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">大 <span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">事 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，不亦宜乎！」 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 27pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">歷史上的關公形象，以陳壽《三國志》卷三十六＜關張馬黃趙傳第六＞中的描繪為代表，呈現出關羽一生的功業與形象. 其一生的事跡約可歸納為下列幾項： <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">三國時期，關羽與其結義兄長劉備在亂軍之中離散，關羽為保護兩位受困於下邳的兄嫂，在張遼遊說之下，提出「降漢不降曹」三條件，而接受曹操的安撫，曹操愛才，圖以重金厚禮羈縻關羽，三日一小宴，五日一大宴. 然而關羽義薄雲天，不為所動，一得知劉備投靠在袁紹處，隨即掛印封金，護送二嫂，過五關、斬六將，而與劉備聚首，成就一番事業. 闢羽雖然面對曹操的籠絡，「困于金車」而有所鄙吝，卻因守節重義而能「浩氣長存，君子有終」. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">1 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、亡命涿郡，與張飛竭誠侍奉劉備，不畏艱難，三人寢則同床，恩若兄弟. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">2 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、被曹操所擒，後以刺顏良，解白馬危而受封漢壽亭侯，威名始震. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">3 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、不忘舊恩，盡辭曹操厚賞，掛印離去. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">4 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、從劉備依附劉表，助劉備收江南諸郡，後董督荊州事. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">5 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、刮骨療毒，與諸將割炙飲酒，談笑自若. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">6 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、水淹于禁所督七軍，斬龐德，威震華夏，曹操倡議徙都於許都以避其鋒. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">7 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、遭孫曹兩軍圍攻，與子平蒙難於臨沮. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">綜觀上述關羽的事跡，可見關羽的威名遠播，甚至於 關羽的道德模範比孔子、孟子還更加普及、有效而重要. 其主要特點為： <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -135pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 135pt; mso-char-indent-count: -11.25"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">1 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、武藝高強、驍勇善戰：萬軍中取敵將首級，不僅有熊虎之將的威名，更與張飛被尊稱「萬人敵」. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -135pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 135pt; mso-char-indent-count: -11.25"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">2 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、剛強自矜、盛氣淩人：傲睨馬超、黃忠，睥視孫權，輕侮部屬，因強援、內應盡失而臨難. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">3 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、義氣深重、坦蕩凜然：縱然蒙受厚恩，仍不忘故主，故被譽為天下之義士. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">其實這樣的事蹟對照整體三國時代的豪傑將領，關羽的功業並不十分突出，從陳壽將其與其他四人合傳就可看出端倪. 故黃華節先生說： <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-para-margin-left: 3.0gd"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《三國志 <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體">‧ <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">關羽本傳》、《通鑑》敘蜀漢而涉及關羽的史事，正文之下，都甚少有補充的附注，縱然有，也不過是一些平凡的行蹟，沒有超人的味兒，不但不十分動人，抑亦不大為普通人所熟識. 歷史裡的關羽就是這麼平常. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [5   ]<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">關羽在這浩瀚的史傳中，就僅僅佔據其中一角，他縱然武藝高超，但他有實實在在的人格缺陷，即使義薄雲天，但仍擺脫不了人類最終的命運－－死亡，歷史上的關羽，他就是一位真真實實、道道地地的人. 關公在他的人生簿中 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">，刻 <span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">上「 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">忠義 <span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">」兩字 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">， <span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">「江山雖可貴 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">， <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">情義更無雙 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">. <span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">」「 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">忠義 <span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">」兩字 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，是朋友間的無價之寶， <span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">「桃園 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">三 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">結 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">義 <span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">」視「 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">情義 <span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">」 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">更甚於 <span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">江山 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，因為 <span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">「江山」 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">是虛的，而 <span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">「 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">情義 <span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">」才 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">是真實的存在. <span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">「桃園 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">三 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">結 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">義 <span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">」 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">他們最大的成功 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">， <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">就是贏得了兄弟，名垂青史，流芳萬古. 可見，世間 <span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">「 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">情義 <span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">」 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">最重 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">，雖 <span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">江山亦無法取代 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 27pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">然而，關羽如果真是這樣一位平凡無奇的人的話，他究竟是透過何種方式，由活生生的凡人而成為傳奇性的英雄，進而轉化為至高無上的，即現在人們所尊稱的「關聖帝君」的至尊神明呢？黃華節先生言： <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-para-margin-left: 3.0gd"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">關帝的「聖」，是宗教上的聖，而不是史蹟上的聖，前者是神格，後者是人格，由人昇格為神，其人格一定經過一番大大的洗煉，然後「成聖」. 不過將不完全的人格，洗煉成完全的神格，必其人的資質是可造之材，具有若干種美德，才把他洗煉淨化成為完美無缺的「聖」. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [6   ]<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">眾所周知 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，武聖關公 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">  <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 8pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">－－ <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">關羽本是一名武將，但由於他「義不負心」，忠勇兼備並最終「斷首捐軀」成仁. 因此，千百年來，朝臣黎庶敬慕關羽「忠義仁勇」，視其為忠義楷模，仁勇化身. 歷代帝王為旌表忠義，步步加封，由「侯而王，王而帝，帝而聖，聖而天」. 其封號最終成為「忠義神武靈佑仁勇威顯關聖大帝」. 中國古代只有聖人的葬地才能稱為「林」，如孔林、孟林等，而在河南洛陽，葬關羽首級之塚稱為關林. 古代帝王墓才能稱為陵，而在湖北當陽，葬關羽身軀之塚稱為陵，並且成為眾所公認的世界人類文化遺產. 歷朝、歷代、歷年以來，人們膜拜、祭祀關羽 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">， <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">為其修祠建廟者 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">， <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">絡繹不絕 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">， <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">不乏其人. 清雍正五年 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">( <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">西元一七二七年 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">) <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">， <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">皇帝命天下直省郡邑皆立關廟，賜春秋兩祭，加誕祭，並敕封關羽三代公爵. 之後，對關羽「褒封不盡，廟祀無垠」，真可謂「五夜何人能秉燭，九州無處不焚香」，形成了祭祀關羽的「武廟」，與遍佈天下祭祀孔子的「文廟」相互對應，也相互輝映. <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">   <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">關聖帝君一生事蹟，豐功卓著，其中符合仁、義、禮、智、信五常規範之表現，更加令人讚頌，其事蹟如下； <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">1 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、千里尋兄，不忘其本，「仁」的表現： <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">   <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">帝君斬顏良、誅文醜後，始知劉備在袁紹軍中，乃辭曹操（屢不得見，遂留信告辭，掛印封金，請出二位兄嫂，往北而行）曹操左右人馬欲追回，曹操阻止道：「事主不忘其本，來去明白，實不愧為大丈夫！」遂讓帝君揚長而去，此乃「仁」的表現. <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">2 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、華容放曹，深明大義，「義」的表現： <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">   <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">赤璧之戰，孔明派帝君把守華容道．適逢曹操敗逃到此，乃向前求道：「望將軍念及昔日之情義，放我一條生路！」帝君道：「昔日我受丞相大恩，但已斬顏良、誅文醜回報，今日兩軍交戰，豈能以私害公？」曹操再度苦求道：「將軍深明春秋大義，寧不知庾公之斯，不殺濯的故事麼？」是時，帝君俯首不語，乃令諸將釋放曹操而逃，此乃「義」的表現. <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">3 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、秉燭達旦，守其大節，「禮」之表現： <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">   <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">帝君與張遼「三約明志」後，遂送二位兄嫂前往曹軍暫住，但曹操心懷不軌，欲使帝君與二位兄嫂共室，但帝君每夜秉燭而觀春秋一書以待天明一十二年，守其大節．此乃「禮」之表現. <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">4 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、水淹七軍，威震華夏，「智」的表現： <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">   <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">帝君急攻樊城，曹操憂心令于禁，龐德率七營精兵救曹仁，但見帝君神威凜凜，不敢輕敵，屯軍待機，是時，帝君略施小計（派人到襄江上流，塞住各處水口，待江水上漲之時. 再放水而下，使于禁七軍，進退兩難，只好投降，惟龐德不服被斬．自此，帝君威震華夏，人人讚揚．此乃「智」的表現. <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">5 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、單刀赴會，取信魯肅，「信」之表現： <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">東吳孫權派魯肅、呂蒙等欲取回荊州（魯肅施計，邀請帝君赴宴，關平諫阻；帝君不從，遂偕周倉駕一扁舟，單刀赴會，不帶士卒. 酒宴中，雙方爭議良久，周倉持刀大喝道，「天下土地有德者居之，為何荊州該屬東吳所有呢？」帝君是時變容奪刀言道：「此國家大事，汝何敢多言？」周倉得知帝君之意退出．帝君乃偽裝飲醉，右手執大刀，左手挽魯肅，直至江邊，方才鬆手，登舟道別，魯肅伏兵莫可奈何，眼見帝君揚長而去，此乃「信」之表現. <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">竊思世人，讀書知禮義之上風，而成聖者少，論　關聖帝君在世，只守五常，何以能登至極上品之果位哉！匡國救民，經多次劫數，受盡艱辛，大義不泯，孤忠永抱，光爭日月，靈炳乾坤，表綱常而繼大道，故歷朝受封文衡聖帝，為蓋天古佛. 世世顯化，護國佑民. 後得代御玄靈高上帝之至極果位，皆由忠義而來也. 關公對國以忠，待人以義，處世以仁，行事守信、禮等，沒有勇武的精神和能力是辦不到的. 關聖帝、岳鄂王等，其能成聖賢者，俱備浩然之氣，有以致之，舉凡學道之士，應明斯理. <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">天地之正氣曰浩然，浩然也者，堅剛不絕，銳氣不沉，乃天地純真之象，沛乎于人心，進則可格天地而泣鬼神，藏則凜凜然不可犯者. 凡人先天之性，此一氣均具於元性之中，後天既入，遭遇情欲之蔽，起落失常，遂使純剛變化無定，良知現則現，為時不暫，原氣便失，更遇後天之六欲圍繞，變而為嗔火之氣，人之體也，既受情欲之侵，當隨情欲而進退，時日既久，又無鍛煉以還初服，則深淵一墜，萬劫不復矣. 人之性也，可正可邪者，執中則正，偏倚則邪，因缺堅毅之勇，從而致之，古聖云：「慷慨赴死易. 」而人性之間，瞬息浩氣一起，無生死之念，無愛惡之欲，一念堅貞，慷慨赴死，此忠之現也. 又云：「從容就義難. 」若人能此，則非具有浩然之氣，沛而格之，絕難成仁也. <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">孟子的理想人格，就是具有「浩然之氣」的人，孟子將其形象地稱作「大丈夫」，「窮則獨善其身，達則兼善天下」，即大丈夫無論是窮與達，善於「養氣」的品格，始終不能丟；講道義、行仁義、重操守. 強調人應該在個人有所立、有所達、有所惡的同時，還要真心實意地幫助別人有所立、有所達、有所惡. 所謂「浩然之氣」，並非指產生於天地萬物之間的原初物質，而是指人的一種正大、剛直的精神，即我之氣是用正義培養的，必須與道和義相配合，如果對它不加傷害，它就會充滿上下四方，無所不在；如果缺乏道義，它就失去了力量. 這種「至大至剛」之氣，是用道義經過長期培養、鍛煉而形成的，而不是偶然的正義行為所能取得的. 「浩然之氣」是人們常說的「氣節」、「氣概」、「志氣」等等. 持志養「浩然之氣」，能夠培養出人的最堅強、最高尚和最偉大的品格. 這種理想人格境界的實現，是要經過不斷努力學習、不斷修養仁德，才能達到的. 孟子同時還提出了人應該具有「富貴不能淫，貧賤不能移，威武不能屈」的大丈夫氣概，做到富貴不能亂己之心，貧賤不能變己之志，威武不能屈己之節，集浩然之氣於一身而成為一個正人君子. 他們不計較個人的物質生活怎麼好，而是要符合個人的理想，對得起自己的良知，保持獨立的高尚的人格. <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">至於應當如何養這浩然之氣呢？孟子說要「直養而無害」，「配義與道」，切勿「揠苗助長」. 「無欲則剛」，當一個人無所求的時候，其浩然之氣就有可棲之所了. 或許無欲的境界是很難達到的，我們只要能做到不貪也就可以了. 正如莊子在《逍遙遊》中所說：「鷦鷯巢於深林，不過一枝，鼴鼠飲河，不過滿腹. 」《紅樓夢》中也說：「任憑弱水三千，我只取一瓢飲. 」人不過一坏黃土而已，生有何歡，死又何求？ <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在現實政治、經濟、社會、文化、環境的衝擊下，什麼東西都要追求利益最大化，擁有的財富越多，其心中的欲望也就越大. 大多數人想著有個好家庭，有份好工作，能給子女們留下點什麼，或讀完大學，出國讀博士，做個科學家，拿個諾貝爾獎. 他們缺乏遠大的理想，只考慮著個人有發展、個人有成就，而忘了應該對國家對民族有貢獻. 他們受到各個方面的影響，以個人利益為重，以個人主義為核心，全不顧忌何謂道德，何謂良心！真可謂是世風日下，人心不古！ <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">吾們修道君子須知，無功無果，難改命運，必須外功滿，內果圓，方能避萬劫也. 是以學道者，必須性命雙修. 性者，先天之本性也. 命者，後天之使命也. 若見本性，須由命做起. 因人人在世，各有使命，諸如孝順父母，為國盡忠，超渡父母，婦女盡節，兄弟朋友盡義，以道為寶，此皆為人之使命也. 後天使命若滿，進入先天，以修內果無難矣. 現值三期末劫，要逃此災殃，必須內外雙修，效法 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">關聖帝君五常之實踐，誠心發誓願，皆能修成也. <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">勇猛剛強，是人類最原始的崇拜對象，也是古代英雄模式不可缺少的行為要素. 程昱說：「關羽、張飛皆萬人敵也. 」、溫恢云：「關羽驍銳. 」、周瑜說：「關羽、張飛熊虎之將. 」可見關羽的勇猛在當時已獲得時人的肯定，然而這點在關羽身上並不是什麼獨到的特點，筆者認為其資質的可造之處其實就在義氣凜然，不忘舊主的坦蕩胸襟. 關羽失敗被擒後，曹操曾派張遼試探其心志，羽嘆曰：「吾極知曹公待我厚，然吾受劉將軍厚恩，誓以共死，不可背之. 吾終不留，吾要當立效以報曹公乃去. 」毫無畏懼的一番表白，不但勇壯可欽，更顯得胸懷磊落，無怪曹操張遼都為之歎服. 此種義氣深重的表現，正是關羽資質中的可造之材，更是他成為英雄與神明最重要的基因. <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（二）小說戲劇－英雄典範 '''<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> '''

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 27pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">於雅典時代，藝術－－原本是屬於理想主義的化身，藝術品的功能以城邦活動為要點，講究均衡、節制、理想的風格. 哲學－－則是屬於蘇格拉底與柏拉圖，關切人們在城邦的政治生活中所扮演的角色. 文學與戲劇－－發展成「悲劇」階段為最有名，於是以神話為主題，主要探討宗教、政治、倫理和道德的議題. 後來邁入希臘時代，藝術－－不再是城邦生活的附屬品，私人欣賞為主，不再是表現城邦精神，開始注重表現人的真實情感、個性和容貌. 至此「人本主義」產生，調和與節制是其特點. 過度的現實主義、時尚主義、性慾表現成了這時期的特點. 此時期的哲學－－代表性哲學家有：斯多葛、依比鳩魯，城邦不再是政治中心，對哲學的興趣轉向追求個人的內在生活，而不理會外在的政治，主要在探求個人生活規律的道德價值. 至於「文學」－－則表現戲劇性的誇張作風在當時成為主流. 其關鍵性的轉變因素，為：城邦以不再是人最中心的目的，而轉變成個人的素質追求. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 27pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">神話學大師喬瑟夫 <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體">‧ <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">坎柏曾經 說：「藝術超越道德教訓，慈悲所及之處，便是藝術所及之處. 」他更 認為：「英雄是能夠奮戰超越個人及地城的歷史局限，達到普遍有效之常人型態的男人或女人. 」 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [7   ]<span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">於是，奮戰不懈，似乎成為千古英雄必須具備的普遍人格特質，但真正的英雄除了奮戰不懈之外，更要有「真誠流露」的特質，因為中國儒家《中庸》一書主張 ： 「君子誠之為貴，不誠無物. 」失去了真誠，英雄的面貌將隨之消逝，英雄再也無法成為英雄. 故關羽忠義無雙、義氣深重的資質，其實正是一種真誠流露的表現，也是一種英雄獨有的人格特質. 卡萊爾說： <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-para-margin-left: 3.0gd"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">這種真誠是深沉、偉大和真實的，是以各種形式出現的一切英雄人物的首要特徵. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">…… <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">偉大人物的真誠是一種他自己無法言說的東西，也是他自己沒有意識到的東西， <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">…… <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">因此，偉大人物決不自誇他的真誠. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [8   ]<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">關羽的「大義凜然」是史家運用獨到視角、慧眼、匠心，所刻畫的英雄事蹟，也是關羽最獨特的個人魅力. 在歷經長時間的累積、蘊釀之下，關羽在小說與講唱文學作品中，逐漸成為一位傳奇人物，其英雄性格與形象也不斷地被描繪、傳述與增衍. 在這多方潮流的交會中，人們對關羽的羨慕之情永無止境，直至變成了信仰與崇拜. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 27pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">由於宋代說書與講史風氣的頻繁、盛行，帶動「三國故事」流傳於街頭巷尾，大文豪「蘇東坡」曾對此現象，做過以下短評： <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-para-margin-left: 3.0gd"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">塗巷中小兒薄劣，其家所厭苦，輒與錢，令聚坐聽說古話. 至說三國事，聞劉玄德敗，顰蹙有出涕者；聞曹操敗，即喜唱快. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [9   ]<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">「三國故事」的流行有助於三國人物的形象塑造，但整體而言，尚未形成一股集中的，有結構的關羽故事，直至「元代劇作家」藉關羽抒發沉鬱已久的不平之氣，關羽戲才正式顯露鋒芒. 據《元曲選》等記載，三國雜劇約六十種，現存廿一種中有三分之ㄧ是關羽戲. 即：關漢卿的《關大王單刀會》、《關張雙赴西蜀夢》，鄭光祖的《虎牢關三戰呂布》，無名氏的《關雲長千里獨行》，元明間無名氏的《劉關張桃園結義》、《關雲長單刀劈四寇》、《壽亭侯怒斬關平》，此外已佚失的卅九種三國劇目中近四分之ㄧ為關羽戲. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [10   ]<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 27pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">細究上述的戲目，大多以描寫關羽的武勇事蹟為多，但不可否認的，描寫關羽「義行典範」的戲目也不遑多讓. 這些曲目是在歷史的基礎上運用集中化、典型化、完美化、理想化的文學加工技巧，雕塑出高大完美的關公形象. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 27pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">此外，在小說中關羽的形象塑造幾乎未曾脫離的史傳的記載，如在《三國志平話》中其形象是嚴肅的，其行動仍是如常人一般，直到羅貫中《三國演義》一出，對關公的著墨增多，其形象的塑造遠遠超越前者，不僅給予讀者其悲壯的英雄面貌，更重要的是在其人性描寫之餘，更增添許多的神性描寫，如「玉泉山顯聖」一節. 洪淑苓女士則說： <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 45pt; mso-para-margin-left: 3.75gd"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">羅貫中的時代，關公信仰已經興起，但羅貫中所寫的關公其人，主要是從「人性」上來寫，有正面的形象：沉穩莊重、智勇兼備、忠義正直等，但也有負面的性格缺失：驕矜自滿、暴躁直率等. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [11   ]<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">因此，關羽在格局上仍舊不脫離史傳的紀錄，但其面貌卻已不是三國中眾多人物中的熊虎之將，而是成為「義薄雲天」的大英雄. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 27pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">坎柏曾說：「如果一位實際歷史人物的事蹟使他成為英雄，那麼他的傳奇建構者將會適當的為他編造出有深度的歷險故事. 」 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [12   ]<span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">卡萊爾也言：「書的作者是現代國家真正起作用的教會. 」 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [13   ]<span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在信口開河、誇張渲染的講史者、雜劇家及小說家手中，在塑造關羽武勇與義氣形象的同時，這些作品、傳說更大大地加深人群對他的崇拜，正如黃華節先生所說： <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 45pt; mso-para-margin-left: 3.75gd"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">雜劇時代的關公，漸漸由凡人走上超人的路，這對於他的神格化，至多只是個開端，即是說，在宋元之際，關公還沒十足成神，只徘徊在凡人與超人之間，充其量不過是浪漫主義的大英雄而已. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [14   ]<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 30pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.5"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">關羽脫離具有性格缺陷的猛將，而成為一位「超逸群倫」的人群英雄，民眾對其崇拜之情益隆，其格位便可能與日俱增，再加上附會、虛構的故事愈多，其人性將被一層層的滌除而愈顯衰微，其神性則將不斷地被精鍊、昇華而佔據其整體內在的精神面，從一位英雄人物而再次被提昇、超越，踵事增華而成為多姿多彩的神化人物. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -42.75pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42.75pt; tab-stops: list 42.75pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2">'''<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> （二）  '<span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">民間傳說－神格化 '<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> '''

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">就民間文學的觀點來看，從某人修行成道到能夠降妖伏魔，是一種傳說故事的變異，而變異所遵循的不變法則則是民間文學的屬性. 換言之，關公伏魔一類的故事較為所喜聞樂道，根源於它的神異性、趣味性、精采性，而這些 正是民間文學傳播不歇的特質，而故事中的宗教性於此相對而言，便薄弱了些. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">在中國俗文學小說中，無論是凡人升格為神祇，或是聖王的凡人前身，亦無論是來自哪個宗教文化的背景，幾乎都不能避免加入本土民俗而有通俗化的傾向. 如此一來，莊嚴的宗教或文化背景必然逐漸淡化，趨向精采熱鬧的民問文 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">學型態. 值得注意的是，關公是屬於史傳型小說人物. 余國藩先生認為：「所謂『 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">神格化』並 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">非如杜德（按： <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">Clen Dudbridge <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）所說的在說明『倫理孝道』，而是 與某些民間及宗教傳統一致，在強調英雄人物的超自然背景，生逢奇緣，以及於凡世得經歷的天定災難. 」 '''<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> '''

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; mso-outline-level: 5"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">     <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">中國歷來史傳小說的人物表現，多為「章學誠」先生所謂「七實三虛」法，易言之，乃由歷史的真實過渡到藝術的真實，關羽、岳飛之類，概皆屬之. 它所遵循的法則，正如：金豐序錢彩說岳全傳所云：「不宜盡出於虛，亦不必盡由於實，是以能動一時之聽，收教化之功. 」而「宗教型」的小說人物. 他們不出身於中國本土的天命神話，而是分別與依附上濃厚的宗教色彩後，藉由宗教神力飛躍翻滾，做一場想落天外的表演，這種天馬行空的玄想異能，正是佛、道教向來的擅長，而通篇的天命與劫數，只是為其所有的精采內容分章分回而已. 簡單來說，這種宗教型小說人物，其精神內容是起源於佛、道教，外表形式是中國本土的天命觀. 龔鵬程指出：「演義小說裡，一切行為的集合，都只在顯示一個產生動機的本源：『天命』. 」（註 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">49 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">）說得再明確一些，演義小說人物，周圍一切行為和名目是佛教加道教，而以中國本土的天命和劫數作為通篇之法則. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; mso-outline-level: 5"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">除了 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">義理的闡發，一旦反映於民間傳說中，就只著重它本身的趣味性了，正如關羽、伍子胥等民間傳說中的將領，升格為神人的歷程. <span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span style="font-family: 標楷體; color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">只是前後順序稍有不同. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; mso-outline-level: 5"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">關羽由於自身武勇的形象及義薄雲天的胸懷，致使他在民族文化、歷史的洪流中被揀選為人群崇拜的對象；藉由講唱與文學的傳播，關羽在群眾的心中地位不斷地被向上提升. 然而僅將他刻畫為一位英雄人物，似已無法表達這種無限崇敬之情，因此得靠民間傳說將之神化，方足以顯示人們對他的最高崇拜、無限欽仰. 故梅錚錚說： <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-para-margin-left: 3.0gd"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">光是個人奇史和憑一部文學作品，關羽還不能成帝成聖. 奇史和文學只是成帝成聖過程中的素材和泉源，關羽地位和名望的昇華，是藉助於更離奇的途徑－－神話. 因為只有關羽神話的誕生，在神話的基礎上，關羽才能真正被神化. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [15   ]<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">藉由民間傳說（神話），彌補了歷史上與文學上對關羽的不足並進行再造與精煉，也讓他從消失的歷史中不斷地「復現」，令他巨大的身影，持續映照在他的民族的全部歷史上. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 27pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">關公的民間傳說就性質上來說，是一種「次生態神話」， <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [16   ]<span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">是經由一群人有意識地集體創造的人物形象. 現存的關羽傳說眾多紛雜，然細究可分為三大類：一、關公身世傳說，二、關公顯靈傳說，三、關公與習俗傳說. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [17   ]<span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在這些傳說中，關公與講史演義、平話說書、戲曲年畫中驍勇善戰、智勇雙全、仁信如一的英雄式關羽，有著截然不同的形象. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 27pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">首先在關公身世的傳說中，主要是探討關公的出生、姓氏及面貌. 對於關公的出生，主要以火神下凡與神龍轉世為主（護衛人民而獲罪）. 姓氏的轉變，主要是因為殺惡霸逃難而實行的權衡之計. 面貌特殊主要說明紅臉的原因（化人未成、以土塗臉、觀音的協助避難）及鬚髥的獨特（神龍附體、觀音協助避難）. 俄國學者「李福清」院士，針對關公的出世傳說 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [18   ]<span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">曾提出他的看法說： <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-para-margin-left: 3.0gd"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">民間有不少關公出世的傳說，據民間文學理論家的結論，主張：英雄出世傳說一般是較晚期的 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">…… <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">這個結論是建立在許多民族民間敘事詩基礎而來的，但是筆者以為三國傳說也一樣，特別是三國傳說的人物都是歷史人物，與虛構的英雄敘事詩的人物不同，一定先有他們的歷史傳記及一些歷史傳說，然後才能有完全虛構的出世傳說. 這些傳說當然也利用較古老的民間文學的母題，關公傳說也是如此. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [19   ]<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 30pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.5"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">相傳關公原是天上的神明或神龍的轉世，神與龍自古就是中國人最尊崇的聖物，可見關公天性（資質）就是不平凡. 因為具有神性，所以出世可直接藉由夢的徵兆並由滴血的方式轉化為人. 這種藉由夢來徵兆一個人的出生，無疑是人們將夢塑造成神秘的境域，認為夢是人神溝通的渠道，並藉著神鬼所明言的內容得到啟示. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [20   ]<span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">神人之間藉由具有「前兆意義」 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [21    ]<span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的夢產生了溝通、交流，甚至融合，也強化了「神性的天賦」；因為具有神性，其面貌自然獨特（臉紅、鬚長）、也自然能在獲得神明的協助（逃難）後，成就一番偉大事業，甚至再回到天界為神. 這正如胡萬川先生所說： <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-para-margin-left: 3.0gd"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">神助、天啟便是證明獲助、受獲助英雄之非凡，之具有神格的最佳證書. 因為總是只有他們能獲助、受啟，只有他們能與神通，非正格的英雄便無此機緣. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [22   ]<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">坎柏也言： <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-para-margin-left: 3.0gd"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">傳奇作者極少滿足於只把世界的偉大英雄看成常人， <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">…… <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">相反的，他們總是偏好在英雄出生的那一刻起，甚至從受胎的那一刻起，便賦予他們超凡的能力. 英雄的一生都被顯現成充滿戲劇化的驚異特質，並在偉大重要的歷險中達到高峰. 這與英雄的身分是命定而非只是成就的觀點相吻合. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [23   ]<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">然而，試觀《三國演義》一書中所表現者，卻是不折不扣的儒家正統思想，以及富含道德判斷的價值觀、倫理觀等. 據說才子「金聖嘆」評閱《三國演義》一書為「天下五才子書」之一，放浪不羈的他，有一天傍晚時分，正當閱讀完此書關老爺的事蹟後，習慣性地加注眉批，想要胡亂評寫一通，不料關老爺忽然顯靈，站立在他身後，似乎手持青龍偃月刀，並將刀架在金聖嘆的後頸部，說道：「你若敢敗壞我的名節操守，當心腦袋！」此刻，金聖嘆開始正經八百起來，接著他竟然批出了「亙古一人」的千古名句，的確，這「忠義無雙、亙古一人」，論及忠孝節義的聖哲典範，關老爺當之無愧，穿越古今，他應該名列第一人啊！ <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">儒家思想本如《論語》一書中所說「孔子不語怪力亂神」，將關公視為聖哲偉人英雄皆可，早先並未將其變為神化人物. 神格化的關公，或許應是受到後世佛、道思想的影響吧！譬如：家父曾經利用晚餐時間，講述以前大陸時代所發生過的真實趣味故事，與台灣有類似之處，神明藉著民間勸善的「鸞壇」，於沙盤批示因果或勸善文字，有一次恰好是「關公」現身說法，老百姓們正在圍觀，其中有位「無神論者」斥為迷信，進行鬧場與破壞，先是大膽將寫字批示的神明「關公」，用蠻力推開，後來又暗地裡用筆於自己掌心，寫了兩個字，故意教神明「關公」猜猜看，說道：「你如果是真的神明，就應該知道我手心寫了什麼字？」這時，果然神威顯赫，「關公」立即批出：「你竟然以『呂蒙』來欺我，周將軍（周倉）斬！」說也奇怪，那人立刻倒地而口吐白沫，暫時昏死過去，頸部還有紅色刀痕. 不但教訓這位鬧場做怪者，也啟發百姓，神明的確是存在的，毋庸置疑. （按：當初，以關羽的神勇，天下少有對手，於是東吳孫權的手下「呂蒙」就用奸計，設下埋伏，陷害關羽致死. ） <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">佛家也有被稱為「韋陀」即「護法神」威風凜凜、怒目而視，有類於關公的畫像，道教則奉關公為「關聖帝君」，同時也是當今的「玉皇大帝」. 所以「儒、釋、道三教」當中，儒家思想可說是最後一個介入關羽崇拜的教化思維. 但也正是因為儒家的介入，關羽崇拜才最終確立了他的全民族的崇高地位. <span style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">學者嘗言，曹操是以「英雄」自許而且以此稱許他人的，參閱他「青梅煮酒」一事，不幸卻被後人評定為一代「奸雄」或一代「梟雄」之首. <span style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">這一字之貶，古時說法是效《春秋》褒貶之義，深入骨髓的，恐怕就是若干世代的後人體驗捉摸「鍛煉」出來的筆法. 《春秋》一書闡明聖人孔子的「微言大義」，所謂「孔子作春秋，而亂臣賊子懼. 」「一字之褒，榮於華采；一字之貶，嚴於斧鉞. 」子曰：「吾志在春秋，而行在孝經. 」又曰：「知我者其惟春秋乎！罪我者其惟春秋乎！」 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">這正足以代表中國人的歷史感和歷史觀，也是「演義」之所謂推演其「義」的由來，關公大義凜然、義薄雲天，遂能名重千古. 關公是芸芸眾生敬愛的人物，更是偉大天神眷顧的英雄，他「神奇力量」與偉大的成就正是來自於出身的不平凡，與不可思議的「神助」，他是個早就被上帝揀選的子民、神明的代言人. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">其次關公顯靈傳說，主要在闡述戰勝邪魔惡鬼、懲惡助善為主，其中尤以解除解州乾旱而與蚩尤大戰最為著名，黃華節先生認為： <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-para-margin-left: 3.0gd"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">關公於北宋末葉神格日隆後，地方傳說必紛然雜作，尤其是他的故鄉解州，建廟供奉，又作為傳說，是自然的事，斬蚩尤，封真君的傳說，一定是這樣產生出來的. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [24   ]<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">既然家傳戶曉，盡人皆知，故鄉曾有一位勇猛的大英雄，在原始崇拜及土親人親的同鄉凝聚心之下，請關公顯靈為解除地方的災禍是很自然的. 或許也有黃華節先生所演釋的戰神交替說的意義， <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [25   ]<span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">但神明的職責不就是護衛家園、消災解厄（包含助軍殺敵、解救國難）嗎？因此這類闡述關公成神後保家衛國的傳說故事，自宋代以後流傳，數量就相當可觀，流傳的範圍也十分廣大. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 27pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">關公與習俗傳說，這類神話有五月十三「磨刀雨」及七月十九「蒲州城點燈的習俗」. 「磨刀雨」按照民間的說法是五月十三日這天是關老爺磨刀的日子，故要下雨；「蒲州城點燈的習俗」則是關公以點燈方式拯救蒲州城，故當地人民於此天點燈感懷關公的習俗. 根據梅列金斯基《神話的詩學》的看法：「神話使思想法典化，強化道德，確立一定的處世準則，認可種種儀式，使社會合理化並獲得論證. 」 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [26   ]<span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">這類神話的意義在於「配合」種種總要舉行的「儀式」，或對於某種自然現象的一種情感性解釋，在此或許沒有如 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">S.H. <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">胡克誇稱：「離開了儀式，神話就會死亡. 」 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [27   ]<span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">但將此儀式附著於崇拜者的身上，可說是再度對關公神性與神力的展現與復活. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 27pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">關公的傳說，講述他由神變人、再由人變神的過程，正體現出一種原型回歸的時間觀. 這種時間觀是一種具有無限恢復的可能性的時間信仰，由這種信仰產生了圓形週期的時間之中，一切再生的願望. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [28   ]<span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">因此關羽的再度成神只是一種回歸，他在人世間經歷俗性時間（歷史時間）的歷煉後，再回到原來的神性時間（神話時間）去. 這種回歸，可以說是不可抗拒的「天命」所使然. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [29   ]<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 27pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">其次，人世英雄關羽的死亡也不再成為一種憾恨，他反而脫離了有限的軀殼，獲得了更大的無限的自由，正如卡西爾所言：「人達到自由的唯一途徑就是消除其心靈對死亡的恐懼. 」 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [30   ]<span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">坎柏也說： <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-para-margin-left: 3.0gd"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">英雄傳記的最後行動就是對死亡或離世所採取的行動. 生命的整個意義在此縮影中得到彰顯. 不用說，若對死亡有任何恐懼，英雄便不是英雄了；（英雄的）第一個要件就是要接受死亡. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [31   ]<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">關羽的降生並沒有像弗雷澤闡釋神聖貴族體內的聖靈或神奇的德性因觸地而被釋出或榨乾，它一直保持並純化著. 他的兩次死亡（降生及成神）「是通往隔離的過渡，也是精神的再生，是由俗到聖，由死而再生所不可缺的過程. 」 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [32   ]<span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">他藉此取得再生與復活的契機，並回歸到原始神界生命中. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 27pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">關羽在史書及民間講唱文學中已具備將相英雄、道德英雄及悲劇英雄的形象（如圖）， <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">再加上人們往往喜歡將許多事物附會在所崇拜的人物身上，創造出一位「箭垛式」 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [33   ]<span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的人物. 因此關羽歷史性的史實內容，通過傳奇性的故事情節（即神格化），傳達出更活潑、更鮮明的內容；而傳奇性的故事情節，也因為歷史性的事蹟作為輔證，呈現出真實可信的型態. 二者的融合所「再造」出來的史事和人物，便是民間傳說中的至尊神明關公. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 27pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">關羽從平凡人變為英雄，再升格為神明，形成「箭垛式人物」，這一過程是人們對英雄人物崇拜的再度昇華. 正如卡萊爾所說：「英雄崇拜是古代思想體系中最主要的部分. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">…… <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">英雄崇拜卻是這眾多樹根中最深的一枝，整片叢林（此譬喻為那不屬於基督教的異教徒們所主張的－－即泛指所謂「多神信仰」）在很大程度是靠它吸收營養，靠它得以生長. 」 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [34   ]<span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">關公信仰靠著關羽的形象的塑造獲得更多的信眾，而關羽形象也在關公信仰的強力支持下不斷形成、滋長、茁壯，甚至成熟、定型了. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt">'''<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">( '<span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">三 '<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">) '<span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、關公神化隱藏之深義 '<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> '''

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 27pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">神話的神聖力量與巫術力量，具有宣洩信仰者情感的作用，講述神話行為的本身就是一種崇拜，它是用來詳述所行崇拜之目的. 因此，關公神化出於人類原初的英雄崇拜之情，藉由講述其顯聖事蹟來增強信仰的強度. 正如蕭兵先生所言：「『複述』是對『復現』的期盼，『復現』是對『複述』的催化. 」 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [35   ]<span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">關公傳說的廣佈流傳，群眾對他的奇特的崇拜之情就無法根除. 嚴格說來，他是他們的神，是最適合於他們的神. 縱使他是歷史上活生生的人，但在信徒心中，它已不再是個人，而是真真切切、完完全全的「尊神」. 此種現象正如卡萊爾所言：「這種崇敬是真正的敬佩、忠誠和仰慕之情，雖然其表現可能是朦朧的、反常的. 」 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [36   ]<span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">不論是民間、宗教或君主都藉著傳說的講述來神化關羽，除了原初的英雄崇拜心理的驅使之外，還反映出崇尚幸福及道德之心理與凝聚族群共識的兩大需求. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（ '<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">1 '<span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）追求幸福與道德之心理 '''<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> '''

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 27pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">根據「亞里斯多德」對人性的看法，「幸福」（ <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">happiness <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）圓滿的人生，即是不離道德與至善，「幸福」（ <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">happiness <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）圓滿是每個人靈魂的最終目標，然而現實中人類必須臨許多的考驗（如成長、互動）和承受未知的恐懼（如死亡），終極目標的達成就成為人類無力感的來源，宣洩的窗口便是講述一位英雄的突破. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-para-margin-left: 3.0gd"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">藉著英雄的神威性和神秘的巫術，來解決所面臨的自然困境，這無不顯示出當人們面對無法解決的自然現象和險峻的自然環境時，往往期望神化性的英雄人物來相助，此種心態正反映出人們對大自然的無助感和急欲突破的意識. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [37   ]<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">我們尊崇一位真正高於自己的人，當情感產生的同時，自己也將因為尊崇英雄人物而獲得提升. 卡西爾言：「英雄崇拜對他（卡萊爾）來說是指對一種道德力量的崇拜. 他充分的樂觀假設和斷言：『人絕不會使自己完全地屈服於蠻力，而一向是降服於道德的偉大. 』」 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [38   ]<span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">關羽的由人成神的突破，並不是靠其武勇，而是其一生都在實行的真誠－「義」. 關公神格化後所體現的「義」是人類的超絕理想之ㄧ，它是升斗小民、宗教人士及領導階層都迫切須要的行事準則與心理需求，它的推廣是建立理想世界的基石. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 32.4pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.7"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">此外，關羽的神格化更體現世人對「樂園世界」的無限欽羨. 一位真真切切與我們活在歷史時間的關羽，由於真誠的實行心中的道德準則，最後被我們推崇為英雄，甚至表彰為神明，並成為全民信奉 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、 <span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">欽敬的道德神，或許正揭露出一個更重要的意義： <span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-para-margin-left: 3.0gd"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">英雄追尋並驚險贏得的神力，證明是一直存在他內心的. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">…… <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">從這個觀點看來，英雄是那隱藏在我們每個人內心中，等待被瞭解、實現、和具創造性救贖意義之神聖意象的象徵. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [39   ]<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">儒家「復聖」顏淵有言：「舜何人也？予何人也？有為者亦若是. 」釋家言：「人皆有佛性. 」原來擁有非凡神力的大能英雄－－能夠用一隻手指舉起戈瓦德罕山，並以宇宙的可怕榮光充滿自己－－就是我們每個人；並不是鏡中有形的肉體自我，而是內在精神世界的心王. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [40   ]<span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">英雄就存在我們心中，英雄就是我們自己，縱然原來美好且幸福的世界最後無法在人世間獲得，但至少在每個人的心靈中已經尋獲－－這才是真正的、永恆的、不朽的內在超越. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（ '<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">2 '<span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）凝聚族群認同之共識 '''<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> '''

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 27pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">人是群聚的生物，依靠群體的力量互助合作，是抵抗惡劣環境，創造高度文明的最佳生存策略. 形成相同的群體認同情感，除了血緣、語言之外，就屬信仰. 黑格爾說：「神的觀念是民族形成的基礎. 」 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [41   ]<span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">德國的謝林在他的《藝術哲學》裡不無誇張地說：「有神話才有民族. 」他的原話是： <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-para-margin-left: 3.0gd"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一個民族是有了神話以後才開始存在的. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">…… <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">它的思想的一致性－亦即集體的哲學，表現在它的神話裡面；因此，它的神話，包含了民族的命運. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [42   ]<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">謝林 <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體">‧ <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">斯賓格勒說：「『民族』是一種心靈的單位. 歷史上的許多偉大事件實際上不是民族所造成的；那些事件本身創造了民族. 每一種行動都改變行動者的心靈. 」這些事件或行動當然包括神話、史詩裡的祖先和英雄的業績. <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> [43   ]<span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">譬如：荷馬史詩《伊利昂紀》和《奧德修紀》敘述古代小亞細亞的特洛伊人與希臘人 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">( <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">當時統稱阿凱亞人 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">) <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">交戰的故事. 史詩《伊利昂紀》集中描寫戰爭第十年中 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">51 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">天的事情. 另一部史詩《奧德修紀》繼續敘述這段故事，集中描寫阿凱亞人的一位足智多謀的英雄奧德修斯，在攻下伊利昂城之後，乘船回鄉，在海上經歷了許多艱險，飄流了十年，最後才回到家鄉同妻子團聚. 在荷馬史詩之前，古代希臘包括地中海東部到小亞細亞一帶早已存在大量的原始神話和古代英雄傳說，相傳名為荷馬的職業樂師祗是選擇了這段故事，創作出這兩部史詩，被完整地保留下來；此外還有許多類似荷馬史詩的口頭文學，可惜都早已失傳了. <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">麥克斯 <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體">‧ <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">繆勒，更突出了宗教與神話在民族組成裡的地位：「形成民族的是語言和宗教這兩個因素，而宗教比語言的力量更大. 」 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> [44   ]<span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">譬如：以色列、巴比倫這兩個近東民族各自有各自的洪水神話，就在大量出土美索不達美亞的古帝國城址文物的十九世紀七十年代，考古學家 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">G. <span style="font-family: 標楷體; color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">史密斯 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">譯讀古代蘇美爾民族的「吉迦美爾史詩」時 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 8pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">， <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">忽然發現其中一段話，和聖經創世紀描述驚人的挪亞方舟大洪水非常相同. 經過繼續的精細研究，史密斯認定挪亞方舟大洪水的原型，就是蘇美爾民族的洪水，猶太人的祭司不惜違背天良，抄襲這個蘇美爾洪水而捏造挪亞方舟大洪水，並寫在他們的經典內. 結果他們兩人所寫的開頭，都是非常雷同的，令人吃驚. <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">G. <span style="font-family: 標楷體; color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">史密斯就於一八七二年十二月三日在英國「聖經考古學會」上宣讀他的發現，立即引起西歐各界的一場轟動. 由於維多利亞時代的廟堂君子一向都奉猶太聖典為絕對的真理，不能接受創世紀有捏造之處，咸說有關挪亞大洪水與吉迦美爾史詩，只是個別細節的偶然巧合吧？ <span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  <span style="font-family: 標楷體; color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">當然，神話不會完全相同，是抄襲還是沿革，又或者是 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; color: #cc3333; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">「 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一個事實各自表述 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; color: #cc3333; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">」 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，真的，只有神知道！ <span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中國民族 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">則藉由共同崇拜關羽，使他們產生整體感或民族認同感這一高級的感情. 人口廣大的漢族藉由神化關羽並信仰其「忠義」，得到強化民族認同的情感，故在危難之際，便可通力合作抵禦外侮；被視為異族的滿、蒙、藏族，藉由信仰關羽，取得政權合法性的利益之際，也獲得民間的集體認同力量；在海外漂泊奮鬥的無數華夏子民，藉由建立大大小小的武廟解除懷鄉之苦，並凝聚中華民族的認同情感. 關公信仰在整個華夏族群當中，是彼此生命情感的最佳黏合劑. 當一個靈魂崇信一位神明時，若另一個靈魂也相信他時，自己的信心就會倍增，相同的靈魂信仰凝聚地愈多，所形成的信心強度便無可攻破、無懈可擊，所形成的「民族」生命共同體也會愈形擴大、伸展，直達「可大可久」、「可長可遠」的新境界. 於是，華夏民族在展望新時代的同時，也不斷走出更寬廣的大器度、大格局！ <span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">四、結語 <span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 27pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">於希臘雅典時代，青年人相信「奧林帕士」諸神，對祂們敬畏、崇拜得無微不至，就是因為他們敬畏神祇，崇拜神祇，所以有一個中心信仰，作為依據，一切道德律令，都從這裡出發，根基非常堅固. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">卡萊爾曾斷言：「科學知識的進步就可以使之（作為神的英雄和作為先知的英雄）完結. 」 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [45   ]<span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">坎柏也秉持相同的看法： '''<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> '''

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 45pt; mso-para-margin-left: 3.75gd"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">因為自主個人的民主理想，動力驅使機器的發明，以及科學研究方法的發展，大大轉變了人類的生活，以致長期傳承下來的永恆宇宙象徵為之崩解. 用尼采的查拉斯圖特拉具預言性、時代宣示性的話說就是：「所有的神都死了. 」 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [46   ]<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">神的創造、產生都是因為人類具有幻想力，卻使人因此陷入較卑下的地位，但「馬克思」也曾說：「人以自己的形象來同化自然界，使其相互一致，神話裡包藏著與自然平等卻又希望以人為中心的矛盾. 」 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [47   ]<span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">關公的神化當然是出自於人們對英雄的幻想，雖然他被提升到樂園的天界為神明，但他卻又是一位歷史著名的武將，而祂的神話在傳述當中，除顯示出其偉大之處外，更重要的是祂更貼近信仰者的心靈，成為生活中不可獲缺的依歸. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 27pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">總而言之，人畢竟是運用符號的動物，而巫術、語言則不過是人類藉以操控世界的工具罷了. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 45pt; mso-para-margin-left: 3.75gd"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">符號表達決不意味著「減弱」（ <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">extenuation <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）而是意味著「強化」（ <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">intensification <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">），在這裡，我們發現的不是單純的「客觀化」（ <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">exteriorization <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">），而是「凝聚化」（ <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">condensation <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">…… <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一種身體的反應只能為我們提供一個迅速的、當下的舒解；一種符號表達則可以變成一種「比空氣更長久的時光」（ <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">momentum aere perennius <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [48   ]<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; layout-grid-mode: both"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">神話是巫術的轉化，某種程度上也具有「暴力話語」的特質， <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [49   ]<span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">可經由不斷的講述被牢牢地記錄在人的大腦中樞裡，進而能夠以人的意志行為「干預」無法支配的自然界、社會生活及其進程，進而「代替」或「幫助」行為改變客觀世界. 亨利 <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體">‧ <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">柏格森說：「神不是已被塑造完成的既成品，祂代表永恆的生命、行動以及自由. 這種意義的創造，自然無神秘可言. 」我們所以能夠奮鬥，能夠忍受，就是因為在我們體內，具有「生之衝動」與「生之催促」，只有這樣才能使人成長，使地球變成無限制創造的大舞台. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">關公傳說的傳述也是為了強化並凝聚其「義薄雲天」的精神內涵與「見義勇為」的俠客行為，並以語言來改變世俗社會的墮落和世道人心的缺憾. 雖然其中有許多荒誕不經的事蹟或不符合歷史的現象，但這都是因為人們是傾注他們所有的情感在神化關羽，而非以理智來分析關羽，人們對「傳說中的關公」的情感興趣是遠遠超越對「歷史上的關羽」的理智分析的. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 27pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">卡西爾言： <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 45pt; mso-para-margin-left: 3.75gd"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">神話主題與宗教典禮的操作具有無限的多樣性. 它們是不可勝數、深不可測的. 但是，在一定意義上，神話思想與神話想像的動機都是共同的. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">…… <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">宗教和神話則給予我們一種情感的統一性. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [50   ]<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; layout-grid-mode: both"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">關羽在史官筆下是個有真實人格缺陷武將，在經過文學家的誇大渲染後成為文學作品中的一位傳奇英雄，最後在民間巷議街談的傳述下，事蹟演化為神蹟，成為一位保家衛國的神明. 因為本身的「義行」，從民間信仰中的鬼雄升格為社會道德的守護神，在儒釋道的推舉下，地位提升為聖人及護法神，之後在政治領導集團的推崇中，成為橫跨三界的伏魔大帝進而成為忠義仁勇四德俱備的關聖帝君、協天上帝，可說極盡尊揚與榮耀，這一切的想像與動機，似乎很難完全脫離「英雄崇拜」的心理層面吧. 卡萊爾說： <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-para-margin-left: 3.0gd"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一個偉大人物，儘管他並不十全十美，我們也不能小覷他，從而失去他的幫助. 他是一束生命之光，靠近他就使人愉悅歡欣. 他是一束耀眼的光芒，照亮了世界上的黑暗；他絕不僅僅是一盞點燃的燈，而是一顆沐浴著上帝的恩澤而閃閃發光的明星；在我看來，這永不熄滅的光芒使人茅塞頓開，令人剛毅堅強，促人英勇崇高. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [51   ]<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在英雄崇拜下，關公人格上的缺陷或不完美，然而卻可以因此尋求彌補而使之完善，在民主思想的潮流中，關公顯靈的神話影響力，雖難免會呈現式微之態，但是此種英雄崇拜心理，仍會不時的發生，因為信眾仍會不斷地將他們對英雄才有的敬佩之情，朝向這一偉大的容器中，不斷投注與投射其全部情感，細水長流，涓滴成河. 所謂：「將軍不死，英雄不滅，他永遠活在每個人的心中. 」 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; font-size: 14pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> ◎     <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">參考書目、資料： <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">1 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">、 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">《 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">史記會注考證 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">》 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">日本，滬川龜太郎著，台北，宏業書局， <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">1975 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">2 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">、 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">《 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">歷代偉人傳記 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">》 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">， <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">譚 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">慧生編著，台北，百成書店， <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">1981 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">3 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">、《 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">忠義貫古今－－桃園明聖經真本淺釋 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">》 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">，黃國彰等編註，台中，光慧文化出版， <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">2003 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">4 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">、《 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">一點真心－－話說桃園明聖經 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">》 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">，謝玉蘭，台北，明德出版社， <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">1996 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">5 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">、 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">《中 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">國文學欣賞全集 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">》 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">，中國叢書編輯委員會，台北，莊嚴出版社， <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">1981 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">6 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">、 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">《 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">歷代詩詞名句析賞探源 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">》 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">，呂自揚主編，高稚，河畔出版社， <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">1999 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">7 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">、 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">《 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">新譯古文觀止 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">》 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">，謝冰瑩等注譯，台北，三民書局， <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">2002 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">8 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">、《 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">古今文選 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">》， <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">林文月、曾永義、黃啟芳主編，台北，國語日報出版， <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">1980 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">9 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">、《 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">近思錄詳譯 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">》 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">，朱熹編輯，孟穎詳譯，台南「青氣」（音「ㄊㄧㄢ」）巨書局， <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">1989 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">10 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">、《 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">傳習錄 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">》 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">，王陽明著，台南「青氣」巨書局， <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">1986 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">11 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">、《三國志》：作者：陳壽. 編者：秦漢唐. 典藏中國系列（ <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">01 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">）－－出版者：文經閣，廣達文化事業有限公司. 初版一刷 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">˙2005 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">年 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">6 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">月. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">12 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">、 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">劉逸生，《真假三國縱橫談》（台北：遠流） <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">13 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">、羅貫中撰、毛宗崗批註、饒彬校訂，《三國演義》（台北：三民書局） <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">14 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">、 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">《三國演義》－龍爭虎鬥 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">˙ <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">中國歷代經典寶庫 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">˙ <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">時報出版，文群印刷 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">˙ <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">「邵虹」編撰改寫 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">˙ <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">民國 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">74 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">年 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">11 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">月 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">1 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">日第五版. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">15 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">、《三國》（讀通鑑論卷十）：明代王夫之 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">˙ <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">里仁書局 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">16 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">、《歷史的智慧（三）》：編著者：李欣霖. 出版者：光慧文化事業有限公司. 初版日期：民國 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">90 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">年 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">7 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">月 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">30 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">日. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">17 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">、《問神－神話故事中進進退退的遊戲》：編著者：郝勇. 出版者：海鴿文化出版圖書有限公司. 出版日期： <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">2006 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">年 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">02 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">月 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">01 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">日，一版一刷. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">18 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">、《三國演義》析評－浪花淘盡英雄：戈壁 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">˙ <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">明道文藝二 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">○ <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">二期. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">19 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">、《諸葛亮傳》：李永熾 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">   <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">國語日報出版部 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">20 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">、《蜀漢風雲人物》：惜秋 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">˙ <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">三民書局. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">21 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">、《忠義春秋》季刊創刊號：財團法人中華《桃園明聖經》推廣學會 <span style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> ˙ <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">西元 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">2004 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">年 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">12 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">月 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">18 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">日出版. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">22 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">、洪淑苓著，《關公「民間造型」之研究 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> --- <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">以關公傳說為重心的考察》（臺灣大學中文系博士論文 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">   <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">民國八十三年） <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">23 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">、胡小偉著，《關帝崇拜的起源：一個文學現象的歷史文化考索》，臺灣清華大學中語系《戲曲與小說研究》第五輯（臺北：聯經出版公司 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">1995 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">年 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">6 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">月出版） <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">24 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">、劉永良著，《三國演義藝術新論》（台北：商鼎文化） <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">25 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">、（魏末晉初）陳壽， <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">著 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">＜關羽傳＞，見《三國志》，卷 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">36 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">26 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">、＜「關公」在政治思想上的地位 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> ( <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">初稿 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">) <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">＞：朱浤源 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">著 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">˙ <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">中央研究院近代史研究所研究員、台灣大學政治學系兼任教授. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">27 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">、＜三國演義的文學特質及其悲劇藝術＞：作者：羅龍治. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">28 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">、＜三國志的權謀世界＞ <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">   <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">張榮芳 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">    <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">歷史月刊四四期 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">29 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">、＜戲曲中的諸葛亮＞ <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">   <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">林岷 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">    <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">歷史月刊九七期 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">30 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">、＜曹操與諸葛亮比較研究＞ <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">   <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">萬仞 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">    <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">國防雜誌十三卷八期 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">31 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">、＜ <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">由 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">桃園明聖經 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">談生命教育＞ <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">   <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">陳義順 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">    <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">百世教育雜誌 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">˙ <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">西元 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">2005 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">年 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">8 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">月. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">32 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">、＜ <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">關帝 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">聖義人格與 <span style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> <span style="font-family: 標楷體; letter-spacing: 1.6pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">宗教成就 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">的社會意義 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">＞ <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">   <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">林金郎 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">    <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">西元 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">2005 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">年忠義文學得獎作品. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">33 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">、《歷代詩詞名句析賞探源》：呂自揚著 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">˙ <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">高雄河畔出版社 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">˙ <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">民國 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">68 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">年 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">5 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">月初版. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">34 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">、《唐詩三百首》全三冊：地球出版社 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">˙ <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">辛農編註 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">˙ <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">高明總編審，王熙元等編審 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">˙ <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">民國 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">78 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">年 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">9 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">月初版. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">35 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">、《唐詩三百首》全彩攝影版：新人間叢書 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">˙ <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">時報出版社 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">˙ <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">葉美瑤主編 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">˙ <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">西元 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">2004 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">年 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">3 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">月 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">22 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">日初版一刷. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">36 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">、《國文教師手冊》第二冊：＜出師表＞參考資料 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">˙ <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">三民書局 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">˙ <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">東大圖書公司出版. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">37 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">、《高中國文趣味教學手冊》第二冊：＜出師表＞參考資料 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">˙ <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">萬卷樓發行，三民書局總經銷 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">˙ <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">宋裕編註 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">˙ <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">民國 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">83 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">年 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">3 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">月初版四刷. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">38 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">、 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">《儒家思想的現代意義》（鵝湖學術叢刊）， <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">蔡仁厚著 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">˙ <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">文津出版社 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">˙ <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">民國 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">76 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">年 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">5 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">月出版. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">39 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">、 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">英 <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體">‧ <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">托馬斯 <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體">‧ <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">卡萊爾（ <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">Thomas Carlyle <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）：《論英雄與英雄崇拜》（北京：中國國際廣播出版社， <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">1988 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">5 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月）初版一刷. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt">

<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">40 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">、 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">喬瑟夫 <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體">‧ <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">坎柏（ <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">Joseph Campbell <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）：《千面英雄》（臺北：立緒文化事業有限公司， <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">2005 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">1 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月）初版六刷. <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">41 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">、 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">黃華節：《關公的人格與神格》（臺北：臺灣商務印書館， <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">2001 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">5 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月）二版三刷. <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">42 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">、 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">蘇軾：《東坡志林卷一 <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體">‧ <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">塗巷小兒聽說三國語》（北京：中華書局， <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">1981 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年）初版. <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">43 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">、 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">鄭土有：《關公信仰》（北京：學苑出版社， <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">1996 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">2 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月）初版二刷. <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">44 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">、 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">王國宸： ＜氣挾風雷～英雄崇拜與關公神化之探析＞ <span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">西元 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">200 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">6 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">年 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">11 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">月 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，興大學報. （完） <span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">□ <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; font-size: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體">※ <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">王超英 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">˙ <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">個人小檔案 <span style="font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">： <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">□ <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; font-size: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體">※ <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">簡介：性別：男. 年齡 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">54 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">歲（民國 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">44 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年次）. 住址：（ <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">404 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）台中市北區錦平街 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">26 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">號 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">6 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">樓之 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">7 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">. <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">□ <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; font-size: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體">※ <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">電話：（ <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">04 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">） <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">22256830

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">□ <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; font-size: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體">※ <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">手機 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">0911- 799322   □ <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; font-size: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體">※ <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">e- mile <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">： <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">□ <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; font-size: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體">※ <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">現職（服務機關）：國立台中高工國文專任教師. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體">

<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [1  ] <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（ <span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《桃園明聖經 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">. <span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">原始第二》 <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">云 <span style="font-family: '楷體_GB2312', 'serif'">： <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">「出身投地今逢主，須待挽天河水來蕩滌. 」又 <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">云 <span style="font-family: '楷體_GB2312', 'serif'">： <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">「誠哉龍虎風雲會，宰牛馬昭告天地. 」 ） <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [2   ] <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（ <span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《桃園明聖經》之前 <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">， <span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《關聖帝君 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">. <span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">降筆真 <span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">經》 <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">云 <span style="font-family: '楷體_GB2312', 'serif'">： <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">「世間不齊等事，全憑一點真心. 」 ） <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [3   ]<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體"> <span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">羅貫中撰、毛宗崗批註、饒彬校訂，《三國演義》（台北：三民書局） <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">. <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [4  ]<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'"> <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'">圖參見蔡蕙如：《與鄭成功有關的傳說之研究》（台南：台南市立文化中心，1998年6月）初版，頁10. <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [5  ]<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'"> <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'">黃華節：《關公的人格與神格》（臺北：臺灣商務印書館，2001年5月）二版三刷，頁11. <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [6  ]<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'"> <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'">黃華節：《關公的人格與神格》，頁81. <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [7  ]<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'"> <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'">喬瑟夫‧坎柏（Joseph Campbell）：《千面英雄》（臺北：立緒文化事業有限公司，2005年1月）初版六刷，頁18. <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [8  ]<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'"> <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'">英‧托馬斯‧卡萊爾（Thomas Carlyle）：《論英雄與英雄崇拜》，頁46. <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [9  ] <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">蘇軾：《東坡志林卷一‧塗巷小兒聽說三國語》（北京：中華書局， 1981<span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年）初版，頁 7<span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">. <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [10  ] <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">詳參鄭土有：《關公信仰》（北京：學苑出版社， 1996<span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年 2<span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月）初版二刷，頁 208<span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">. <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [11  ]   <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">洪淑苓：《關公民間造型之研究－以關公傳說為重心的考察》（台北：國立台灣大學出版委員會， 1995<span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年 5<span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月）初版，頁 81<span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">. <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [12  ]<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'"> <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'">喬瑟夫‧坎柏（Joseph Campbell）：《千面英雄》，頁353. <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [13  ]<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'"> <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'">英‧托馬斯‧卡萊爾（Thomas Carlyle）：《論英雄與英雄崇拜》，頁159. <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [14  ]<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'"> <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'">黃華節：《關公的人格與神格》，頁113. <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [15  ] <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">梅錚錚：《忠義春秋－關公崇拜與民族文化心理》（成都：四川人民出版社， 1995<span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年 2<span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月）初版二刷，頁 78<span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">. <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9pt; layout-grid-mode: char; mso-char-indent-count: -.9"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [16   ]<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt"> <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 10pt">「次生（態）神話，跟民間信仰、通俗宗教及至戲曲說部關係密切（例如與關羽相關的戰神神話）. 」 <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt">參見蕭兵：《神話學引論》（臺北：文津出版社有限公司，2001年10月）初版一刷，頁97. <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [17   ] <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">因本文主要探討英雄崇拜與關羽神化之關係，故相關傳說內容便予以省略，有關關公之民間傳說主要參採洪淑苓：《關公民間造型之研究－以關公傳說為重心的考察》一書之第三章. <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [18  ] <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">這類關公的傳說，雖涉及關公成神的經過或顯聖的故事，屬「次生態神話」，但仍依民間文學的定義為「民間傳說」. <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [19   ]<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'">李福清（Boris Riftin）：《關公傳說與三國演義》（臺北：雲龍出版社，1999年八月）初版，頁27. <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [20  ]<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'"> <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'">蔡蕙如：《與鄭成功有關的傳說之研究》，頁20. <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9pt; layout-grid-mode: char; mso-char-indent-count: -.9"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [21   ]<span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt">「 <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 10pt">一般前兆的顯現可從『人們不尋常的夢、個人身上少有的生理現象，不尋常的動值物的出現，常見動物的不尋常表現，生物的怪聲鳴叫，以及不尋常的氣候和天象』等等來傳達. <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt">」參見朱天順：《中國古代宗教初探》（臺北：穀風出版社，1986年10月），頁119. <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [22  ]<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'"> <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'">胡萬川：《平妖傳研究》（臺北：華正書局，1984年1月），頁25. <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [23  ]<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'"> <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'">喬瑟夫‧坎柏（Joseph Campbell）：《千面英雄》，頁349. <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [24  ]<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'"> <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'">黃華節：《關公的人格與神格》，頁162. <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [25  ] <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">參見 <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'">黃華節：《關公的人格與神格》，頁201. <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9pt; layout-grid-mode: char; mso-char-indent-count: -.9"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [26   ] <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">轉引自蕭兵：《神話學引論》，頁 219 <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">. <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9pt; layout-grid-mode: char; mso-char-indent-count: -.9"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [27   ] <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">轉引自蕭兵：《神話學引論》，頁 224 <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">. <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: -9pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9pt; mso-char-indent-count: -.9"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [28  ]<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'"> <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'">王孝廉：《中國的神話世界－各民族的創世神話及信仰》（台北：時報文化出版企業有限公司，1987年6月）初版，頁566. <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [29  ]<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'"> <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'">王孝廉：《中國的神話世界－各民族的創世神話及信仰》，頁575. <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; layout-grid-mode: char"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [30   ] <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">恩斯特‧卡西爾（ Ernst Cassirer <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）：《國家的神話》（台北：桂冠圖書股份有限公司， 2001 <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年 1 <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月）初版三刷，頁 67 <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">. <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [31  ]<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'"> <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'">喬瑟夫‧坎柏（Joseph Campbell）：《千面英雄》，頁390. <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [32  ]<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'"> <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'">王孝廉：《中國的神話世界－各民族的創世神話及信仰》，頁579. <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9pt; layout-grid-mode: char; mso-char-indent-count: -.9"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [33   ]<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體"> <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 10pt">「『箭垛式』就是指人們把一些同類故事集中於這一人物身上（就像千萬支箭射在一個鵠的上）的現象. 」 <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt">參見程薔：《中國民俗傳說》（浙江：浙江教育出版社，1986年5月），頁48. <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 10pt"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [34  ]<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'"> <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'">英‧托馬斯‧卡萊爾（Thomas Carlyle）：《論英雄與英雄崇拜》，頁11. <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [35  ] <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">蕭兵：《神話學引論》，頁 55<span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">. <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [36  ]<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'"> <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'">英‧托馬斯‧卡萊爾（Thomas Carlyle）：《論英雄與英雄崇拜》，頁 13<span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">. <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [37  ] <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'">蔡蕙如：《與鄭成功有關的傳說之研究》，頁 99<span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">. <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [38  ] <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">恩斯特‧卡西爾（ Ernst Cassirer<span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）：《國家的神話》，頁 288<span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">. <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [39  ]<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'"> <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'">喬瑟夫‧坎柏（Joseph Campbell）：《千面英雄》， <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">頁 36<span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">. <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [40  ]<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'"> <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'">喬瑟夫‧坎柏（Joseph Campbell）：《千面英雄》， <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">頁 402<span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">. <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [41  ] <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">轉引自蕭兵：《神話學引論》，頁 157<span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">. <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [42  ] <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">轉引自蕭兵：《神話學引論》，頁 154<span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">. <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [43  ] <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">轉引自蕭兵：《神話學引論》，頁 156<span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">. <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [44  ] <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">轉引自蕭兵：《神話學引論》，頁 156-157<span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">. <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [45  ]<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'"> <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'">英‧托馬斯‧卡萊爾（Thomas Carlyle）：《論英雄與英雄崇拜》，頁 79<span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">. <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [46  ]<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'"> <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'">喬瑟夫‧坎柏（Joseph Campbell）：《千面英雄》， <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">頁 424<span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">. <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [47  ] <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">蕭兵：《神話學引論》，頁 65<span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">. <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [48  ] <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">恩斯特‧卡西爾（ Ernst Cassirer<span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）：《國家的神話》，頁 65<span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">. <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; layout-grid-mode: char"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [49   ] <span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 10pt">「巫術性言詞（咒語）不但是一種請求，而且是一個命令，是暴力話語. 」「暴力話語可由增量而擴充而強化. 」另「這種咒語或祝詞傾於抒情者昇華為詩，側重憶述的便演進為神話. 它們都能干預現實，都是人與自然鬥爭或能量交換的重要補充或扭曲的形式. 」 <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">引自蕭兵：《神話學引論》，頁 59 <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，頁 60 <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">. <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [50  ] <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">恩斯特‧卡西爾（ Ernst Cassirer<span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）：《國家的神話》，頁 55-56<span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">. <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> [51  ]<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'"> <span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'">英‧托馬斯‧卡萊爾（Thomas Carlyle）：《論英雄與英雄崇拜》，頁 1-2<span style="font-family: '新細明體', 'serif'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">.